Normal Eye: Structure And Function
Eye is like a camera. The external object is seen like the camera takes the picture of any object. Light enters the eye through a small hole called the pupil and is focused on the retina, which is like a camera film. Eye also has a focusing lens, which focuses images from different distances on the retina. The colored ring of the eye, the iris, acts as shutter and controls the amount of light entering the eye. It’s diameter decrease when light is bright and increase when light is dim. A tough white sheet called sclera covers the outside of the eye. Front of this sheet (sclera) is transparent in order to allow the light to enter the eye, the cornea. Ciliary muscles in ciliary body control the focusing of lens automatically. Choroid forms the vascular layer of the eye supplying nutrition to the eye structures. A jelly like substance called vitreous humor fill the space between lens and retina. The lens, iris and cornea are nourished by clear fluid, aqueous humor, formed by the ciliary body and fill the space between lens and cornea. This space is known as anterior chamber. The fluid flows from ciliary body to the pupil and is absorbed through the channels in the angle of anterior chamber. The delicate balance of aqueous production and absorption controls pressure within the eye.

Image formed on the retina is transmitted to brain by optic nerve. The image is finally perceived by brain through a visual pathway constituted by optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, optic radiations and visual cortex in brain. The portion of the retina that is associated with central vision (line-of-sight) is called macula. It is located in the back of the eye, next to the optic nerve. At the center of the macula is the fovea. The fovea is responsible for any activity where visual detail is of primary importance, such as reading, watching television and driving.
image formed on the retina is transmitted to brain by optic nerve via visual pathway comprising of optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, optic radiations and visual cortex in brain where the image is finally perceived.